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Sources

Sources

References

The following is a list the sources that were used to ensure all that information provided within the toolkit is evidence-based and backed by science for all claims and facts shared. The sources are cited internally within the toolkit via superscripts indicating numerical number for source for reference.

  1. MIHP. SOM - State of Michigan. (n.d.).
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  3. Medicaid Provider Manual. SOM - State of Michigan. (n.d.-a).
  4. Fisher A, Mbaeyi S, Cohn A. Addressing Vaccine Hesitancy in the Age of COVID-19. Acad Pediatr. 2021 May-Jun;21(4S):S3-S4. doi: 10.1016/j.acap.2021.03.013. Epub 2021 Mar 19. PMID: 33753285; PMCID: PMC7977007.
  5. Olson, O., Berry, C., & Kumar, N. (2020). Addressing Parental Vaccine Hesitancy towards Childhood Vaccines in the United States: A Systematic Literature Review of Communication Interventions and Strategies. Vaccines, 8(4), 590.
  6. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016, October 6). VaxView vaccination coverage. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  7. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2017, November 3). ChildVaxView. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  8. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021, October 5). U.S. vaccination coverage reported via NIS-Child. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  9. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2017a, October 12). Schoolvaxview. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  10. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2017a, August 24). TeenVaxView. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  11. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021a, January 21). AdultVaxView. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  12. Prams reports. SOM - State of Michigan. (n.d.-c).
  13. County immunization report card. SOM - State of Michigan. (n.d.-a).
  14. County immunization report card. SOM - State of Michigan. (n.d.-a).
  15. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021c, November 24). Racism and health. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  16. Hill HA, Yankey D, Elam-Evans LD, Singleton JA, Sterrett N. Vaccination Coverage by Age 24 Months Among Children Born in 2017 and 2018 — National Immunization Survey-Child, United States, 2018–2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2021;70:1435–1440. DOI
  17. Understanding barriers to routine childhood immunization - March of dimes. (n.d.).
  18. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023, May 24). Explaining how vaccines work. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  19. Covid-19 impact report on immunizations. mcir.org. (n.d.).
  20. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020, May 21). Decline in child vaccination coverage during the COVID-19 pandemic - michigan care improvement registry, May 2016–May 2020. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  21. World Health Organization. (2014, October 01). Report of the Sage Working Group on Vaccine Hesitancy. Retrieved from
  22. Ota, M. O. C., Badur, S., Romano-Mazzotti, L., & Friedland, L. R. (2021). Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on routine immunization. Annals of medicine, 53(1), 2286–2297. DOI
  23. Razzaghi H, Meghani M, Pingali C, et al. COVID-19 Vaccination Coverage Among Pregnant Women During Pregnancy — Eight Integrated Health Care Organizations, United States, December 14, 2020–May 8, 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2021;70:895–899. DOI
  24. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (n.d.). Coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  25. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (n.d.-b). Stay up to date with covid-19 vaccines. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  26. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022, May 13). Covid-19 vaccination clinical and professional resources. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  27. MacDonald NE; SAGE Working Group on Vaccine Hesitancy. Vaccine hesitancy: Definition, scope and determinants. Vaccine. 2015 Aug 14;33(34):4161-4. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.04.036. Epub 2015 Apr 17. PMID: 25896383.
  28. Hill HA, Elam-Evans LD, Yankey D, Singleton JA, Dietz V. Vaccination Coverage Among Children Aged 19–35 Months — United States, 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2016;65:1065–1071. DOI
  29. 2019 Michigan measles outbreak information. SOM - State of Michigan. (n.d.-a).
  30. Franny Strong. Franny Strong Foundation. (2020, May 5).
  31. Home: Influenza resources education: Alana’s Foundation. Alana’s NEW. (n.d.).
  32. Vaccine preventable diseases in Michigan - annual summaries. SOM - State of Michigan. (n.d.-g).
  33. Veronica McNally, I vaccinate founder, talks about importance of vaccines during national infant immunization week. I Vaccinate. (2020, May 1).
  34. Medical Mistrust and medical distrust. Medical Mistrust and Medical Distrust: Historical Foundations of Racism in Medicine | Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion | AMA Center for Health Equity | AMA Ed Hub. (2022, November 3).
  35. Achieving vaccine equity: Resources & best practices to bring down barriers. Public Health Institute. (2023, February 17).
  36. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022b, August 2). Using a health equity lens. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  37. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019, October 30). Vaccinate with confidence. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  38. Motivational interviewing resources. Motivational Interviewing Resources | Motivational Interviewing Network of Trainers (MINT). (n.d.).
  39. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2018, April 11). Talking with parents about vaccines for infants. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  40. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021c, November 3). Talking with patients about COVID-19 vaccination. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  41. Larson, H. J., Clarke, R. M., Jarrett, C., Eckersberger, E., Levine, Z., Schulz, W. S., & Paterson, P. (2018). Measuring trust in vaccination: A systematic review. Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics, 14(7), 1599–1609.
  42. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022a, February 7). What is vaccine confidence?. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  43. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021b, August 25). Talking to parents about vaccines materials. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  44. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020b, November 2). Foster support for vaccination in your practice. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  45. MacDonald NE. Vaccine hesitancy: Definition, scope and determinants. Vaccine. 2015;33(34):4161-4.
  46. American Psychological Association. (n.d.-b). Misinformation and disinformation. American Psychological Association.
  47. May 27, 2022. (2022, May 26). Misinformation about covid-19 vaccines and pregnancy is widespread, including among women who are pregnant or planning to get pregnant. KFF.
  48. 18, J., & Buechner, M. (2021, January 18). UNICEF’s guide to fighting misinformation about vaccines. UNICEF USA.
  49. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (n.d.-b). Myths and facts about covid-19 vaccines. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  50. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021d, November 3). How to address COVID-19 vaccine misinformation. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  51. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021g, December 1). Autism and vaccines. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  52. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019a, August 5). Diseases and the vaccines that prevent them. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  53. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021b, April 28). Chickenpox (varicella). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  54. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022d, September 9). Diphtheria. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  55. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020b, June 22). Hepatitis A - faqs, statistics, data, & guidelines. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  56. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023a, March 9). Hepatitis B - faqs, Statistics, data, & guidelines. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  57. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022b, March 4). Haemophilus influenzae disease (including Hib). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  58. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021c, July 23). HPV, the vaccine for HPV, and cancers caused by HPV. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  59. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023c, June 30). Influenza (flu). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  60. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020d, November 5). Measles (rubeola). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  61. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022a, February 7). Meningococcal disease. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  62. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021b, March 8). MUMPS. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  63. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021g, October 6). CDC Global Health - Polio. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  64. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022a, January 13). Pneumococcal disease. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  65. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021c, March 26). Rotavirus. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  66. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020e, December 31). Rubella (German measles). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  67. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022g, August 29). Tetanus disease (lockjaw). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  68. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022g, August 8). Whooping cough (pertussis). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  69. Truelove S, Graham M, Moss WJ, et al. Characterizing the impact of spatial clustering of susceptibility for measles elimination. Vaccine 2019; 37(5):732-741.
  70. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2018b, June 27). Ensuring the safety of vaccines in the United States. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  71. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023d, July 7). Vaccine information and safety studies. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  72. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021f, August 23). References for provider resources for vaccine conversations. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  73. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2018c, June 27). The childhood immunization schedule and the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  74. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020c, July 1). Ensuring Vaccine Safety. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  75. Vaccine adverse event reporting system (VAERS). Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS). (n.d.).
  76. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022j, October 28). Vaccine safety datalink (VSD). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  77. World Health Organization. (n.d.). Vaccine efficacy, effectiveness and protection. World Health Organization.
  78. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023b, May 24). Explaining how vaccines work. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  79. Hirayama, D., Iida, T., & Nakase, H. (2017). The Phagocytic Function of Macrophage-Enforcing Innate Immunity and Tissue Homeostasis. International journal of molecular sciences, 19(1), 92.
  80. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019b, August 5). How vaccines strengthen your baby’s immune system. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  81. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021h, September 24). Types of immunity to a disease. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  82. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021f, August 23). References for provider resources for vaccine conversations. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  83. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021d, March 30). Understanding adverse events and side effects. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  84. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020a, April 2). Possible side effects from vaccines. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  85. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023b, May 12). Vaccine information statements (VISS). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  86. Page 1163 title 42—the public health and welfare §300AA–26 - govinfo. (n.d.-a).
  87. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023b, May 12). Vaccine information statement. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  88. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022f, July 14). What’s in vaccines? ingredients and vaccine safety. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  89. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020e, August 25). Thimerosal and vaccines. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  90. Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research. (n.d.). Vaccines licensed for use in the US. U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
  91. Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research. (n.d.-a). Common ingredients in U.S. licensed vaccines. U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
  92. Jain A, Marshall J, Buikema A, Bancroft T, Newschaffer CJ. Autism occurrence by MMR vaccine status among US children with older siblings with and without autism, JAMA 2015 Apr 21:313(15):1534-40.
  93. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022f, July 7). Answers to your most common questions about childhood vaccines. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  94. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023a, March 7). Deciding to vaccinate your child: Common concerns. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  95. Ask the experts. Ask the Experts: Experts Answer Questions About Vaccines. (n.d.).
  96. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (n.d.-b). Frequently asked questions about covid-19 vaccination. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  97. The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia. (2015, March 17). Vaccine- and vaccine safety-related Q&A sheets. Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia.
  98. FAQs. FAQ | Alliance for Immunization in Michigan. (n.d.).
  99. Questions about vaccines?. Vaccinate Your Family. (2022, August 11).
  100. Answering your questions. I Vaccinate. (2021, November 4).
  101. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2018a, April 11). Prepare for vaccine questions parents may ask. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  102. Omer SB, et al. American Journal of Epidemiology 2008; 168(12):1389–96.
  103. Handouts: Topic index. Q&As – Handouts about Disease and Vaccines for Healthcare Settings. (n.d.).
  104. Vaccine safety. Vaccine Safety | Alliance for Immunization in Michigan. (n.d.).
  105. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021o, November 9). Vaccines before pregnancy. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  106. Office of Infectious Disease and HIV/AIDS Policy (OIDP). (2022, January 10). Vaccines for pregnant women. HHS.gov.
  107. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021p, November 9). Vaccines during and after pregnancy. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  108. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022m, December 1). Get the whooping cough vaccine during each pregnancy. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  109. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023, June 7). Flu & pregnancy. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  110. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (n.d.). Covid-19 vaccines while pregnant or breastfeeding. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  111. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020, August 24). Vaccines during pregnancy faqs. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  112. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023b, June 20). ACIP Vaccine Information Sources Guidelines for Immunization. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  113. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023a, May 2). Vaccinations. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  114. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023a, February 10). Vaccine schedule for children 6 years or younger. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  115. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019, May 10). Vaccines for your children by age. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  116. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023e, July 10). Baby vaccines at birth. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  117. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023b, April 17). Baby vaccines at 1-2 months. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  118. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023c, April 17). Baby vaccines at 4 months. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  119. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023d, April 17). Baby vaccines at 5 to 6 months. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  120. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023e, May 2). Baby vaccines at 7-11 months. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  121. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023e, April 17). Baby vaccines at 12 to 23 months. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  122. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023h, May 2). Vaccines for children 2-3 years. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  123. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023l, July 10). Vaccines for children 4 to 6 years. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  124. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023l, July 10). Vaccines for children 4 to 6 years. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  125. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023h, May 2). Vaccines for child 7 to 10 years. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  126. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023o, July 10). Vaccines for teens 11 to 12 years. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  127. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023p, July 10). Vaccines for teens 13 to 18 years. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  128. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022, August 31). Chickenpox vaccines for children. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  129. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021, January 25). Measles vaccines for children. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  130. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022b, September 27). Whooping cough (pertussis) vaccines for children. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  131. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019b, August 2). Hepatitis B vaccines for children. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  132. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021b, March 25). Rotavirus vaccines for children. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  133. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022b, September 27). Hib vaccines for children. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  134. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023f, April 27). Birth-18 years immunization schedule – healthcare providers. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  135. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022b, September 15). Pneumococcal vaccines for children. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  136. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022a, August 11). Polio vaccines for children. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  137. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019b, August 2). Hepatitis A vaccines for children. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  138. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021c, November 16). HPV vaccine (shot) for preteens and teens. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  139. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022e, September 27). Meningococcal vaccines for children. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  140. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019b, August 2). Flu shots for children. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  141. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022b, August 25). Seasonal flu vaccines. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  142. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019e, August 5). Before, during, and after your child’s shots. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  143. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023a, February 10). Childhood vaccine quiz. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  144. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021c, September 7). Vaccines when your child is sick. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  145. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020a, July 27). 9 things to make shots less stressful for you and your baby. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  146. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019f, August 5). How to hold your child during vaccinations. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  147. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021b, February 10). Who sets the immunization schedule?. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  148. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023b, February 10). Immunization schedules. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  149. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023h, April 27). Birth-18 years immunization schedule – healthcare providers. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  150. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023a, February 10). Catch-up immunization schedule for children, birth-18 years. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  151. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019a, March 18). Vaccines for your children. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
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  155. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021d, July 30). Adult vaccination. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  156. Hargreaves, A. L., Nowak, G., Frew, P. M., Hinman, A. R., Orenstein, W. A., Mendel, J., Aikin, A., Nadeau, J. A., McNutt, L.-A., Chamberlain, A. T., Omer, S. B., Randall, L. A., & Bednarczyk, R. A. (2020). Adherence to timely vaccinations in the United States. Pediatrics, 145(3).
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  160. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (n.d.-b). Destinations. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  161. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022a, May 13). Covid-19 vaccination clinical and professional resources. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  162. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022i, December 1). Vaccine glossary of terms. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
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  164. Vaccines protect communities. Vaccinate Your Family. (2022, April 8).
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  168. MCIR. mcir.org. (n.d.-a).
  169. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022j, December 27). Contacts for immunization records. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
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  171. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016, May 2). Locating and tracking adult vaccine records. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  172. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019b, May 7). Documenting vaccinations. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  173. Providers. mcir.org. (n.d.-b).
  174. Michigan Immunization Portal. (n.d.).
  175. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2017a, March 31). How to pay for adult vaccines. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  176. Tricare. TRICARE. (n.d.).
  177. Welcome to Medicare. Medicare. (n.d.).
  178. Beneficiary resources. Medicaid. (n.d.).
  179. Get 2023 health coverage. Health Insurance Marketplace®. Get 2023 health coverage. Health Insurance Marketplace® | HealthCare.gov. (n.d.).
  180. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022i, October 24). VFC: Vaccines for Children Program. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  181. Directory of local health departments. NACCHO. (n.d.).
  182. Office of Infectious Disease and HIV/AIDS Policy (OIDP). (2022a, January 6). Where to go. HHS.gov.
  183. Clinical Consultants Directory. ASTMH. (n.d.).
  184. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (n.d.-c). Find a clinic. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  185. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021f, September 15). Finding credible vaccine information. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  186. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023, November 7). RSV (respiratory syncytial virus). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.