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Are Fireworks Bad for Air Quality?

Around the 4th of July, we celebrate our country’s independence by letting off beautiful sparkly fireworks. While amazing to look at, when fireworks go off, particles and gases are released into the air along with splashes of color in the sky. The Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy’s (EGLE) air monitoring network often shows high levels of particulate pollution over the 4th of July.

What pollutants do fireworks release?

The ingredients in fireworks will differ depending on the type of fireworks, but typically they are comprised of black powder and a variety of colorants. Black powder helps the firework get into the air and explode. Black powder is a mixture of sulfur, charcoal, and potassium nitrate. When fireworks are let off, they release some air pollutants. The colorants and explosives in the fireworks are the cause of this pollution. There are two main pollutants released when fireworks are let off: particulate matter (PM) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs):

  • PM10: particles ranging from 2.5–10 microns in diameter. Examples include dust, mold, and pollen.
  • PM2.5: fine particles ranging from 0.3–2.5 microns in diameter. Typically created fuel burning or factory emissions.
  • Ultrafine PM (UFPs): tiny particles smaller than 0.3 microns in diameter.
  • Airborne vapor or gaseous compounds (VOCs) that are produced by chemical reactions in combustion, manufacturing, or industrial processes.

Fireworks can release pollutants not only from the colorants and explosives they contain, but also from the metals and fuses that make up their structure.  PM pollutant concentrations can be much higher than normal in the hours right after fireworks are used.

How is air quality measured?

EGLE measures a variety of air pollutants around the State of Michigan. Many of the monitoring sites measure particulate matter in real time and post the data to EGLE’s MiAir app and EPA’s AirNow website. The data is communicated to the public using the EPA’s Air Quality Index or AQI.

How does the AQI work?

The U.S. Air Quality Index (AQI) is EPA's tool for communicating about outdoor air quality and health. The AQI includes six color-coded categories, each corresponding to a range of index values. The higher the AQI value, the greater the level of air pollution and the greater the health concern. For example, an AQI value of 50 or below represents good air quality, while an AQI value over 300 represents hazardous air quality.

The AQI is divided into six categories. Each category corresponds to a different level of health concern. Each category also has a specific color. The color makes it easy for people to quickly determine whether air quality is reaching unhealthy levels in their communities.  Since fireworks can cause elevated levels of some pollutants, it is important for residents, to be aware and take steps to protect themselves, if necessary.

The public can sign up for air quality notifications at this link EnviroFlash - Sign-Up. For more information about air monitoring, check EGLE’s Air Monitoring web page.

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