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Most Michigan beaches have fossils. Here’s how to find them

Today’s MI Environment, by Evin Maguire, senior geologist in the Materials Management Division at the Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy (EGLE), is the latest in the Rock and Mineral Identification series.

Every Michigander knows about Petoskey stones – rare treasures that can be found on countless beaches on Michigan’s lower peninsula. Some more savvy rockhounds may even know that they are fossil corals in the genus Hexagonaria, dating back to the Devonian Period some 350 million years ago.

While most common on Up North beaches, fossils -- any preserved remains, impression, or trace of ancient life from a past geological age -- can also be found farther south, with known collecting localities from the Sleeping Bear Dunes to Fort Gratiot County Park.

They can also be found inland and have been uncovered in many sand and gravel mines across the state.

While Petoskey stones may be among the most prized fossil finds on Michigan beaches, there are a wealth of other fascinating fossils to be found while combing for ancient treasures.

Where do Michigan’s fossils come from?

If you look at a geologic bedrock map of Michigan, you will immediately notice a distinct “bullseye” pattern. This is what geologists refer to as the Michigan Basin, and it’s one of the most unique geologic structures on the planet. It covers the entire lower peninsula, and roughly half of the upper peninsula.

The edge of the basin is roughly defined by the ~541to 486 million year old (Cambrian age) Munising Formation, and at its center is the ~300 million year old (upper Pennsylvanian age) “Red Beds” of the Pewamo Formation.

Rocks get younger toward the center of the basin, making the youngest bedrock in Michigan over 300 million years old! The Michigan Basin was formed by a combination of tectonic forces, and possible reactivation of geologic faults of the 1.1 billion-year-old failed “Mid-Continent Rift,” which lies at the center of the basin, buried under more than 4 kilometers of rock and sediment.

Given these brutal past couple winters in Michigan, it may be difficult to imagine that for many millions of years, the state was covered by vast, shallow tropical seas that inundated the low-laying Michigan Basin. It is from these ancient seas that (almost) all of the fossils you can find on Michigan’s beaches originate.

How to find fossils

Here are a few useful tips for finding fossils on Michigan beaches:

  • Go fossil collecting after a storm or high wave event; the bigger the better. Storms cause shoreline erosion and can reveal new fossils that were not previously exposed. If you go for a walk along the beach soon after a storm, you will get first dibs on the newly exposed fossils.
  • High lake levels also cause shoreline erosion and can expose new fossils in the same way as storms. I found more Petoskey stones during the record high lake level years than all previous years of my life combined!
  • Bring a snorkel and go offshore. Fossils underwater are far less likely to be picked up than ones easily seen walking on shore. Using a snorkel and goggles can give you access to fossils most people miss.
  • Look for areas with larger cobbles near the foot of steeper bluffs. Often, fossils will be eroded out of dunes or bluffs along the shoreline. Steeper areas generally have higher rates of erosion, so a steady supply of new fossils can be found near them.
  • Look for areas where small creeks or streams enter the lake. Streams also cause erosion, and new material can be washed down them, especially after storms.
  • Do your research. There are a wealth of resources and highly knowledgeable local people who can help you find the best collecting localities wherever you may go.

What types of fossils can you find on Michigan’s beaches?

Most fossils to be found on Michigan’s beaches are marine invertebrates. Of these, corals are generally the most abundant, but many other groups of fossil organisms can be found.

While you can sometimes find plant fossils from times that the seas were receded, we are going to stick to animals.

For a list of the most common taxonomic groups of fossils that can be found and how to identify them, check out our webpage on Michigan fossils.

Finding Michigan fossils

Final thoughts

Since I have been doing this for so long, I will leave you my most closely guarded secret for finding fossils: get out there and look for them!

If you find a fossil or a cool rock and you want help identifying it, feel free to email me at MaguireE@Michigan.gov. Also check out the Michigan Basin Fossils website for a much more thorough database of fossil finds in Michigan.

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