What is a Cryptocurrency?

Cryptocurrencies are digital assets created by companies or individu­als that take the form of a virtual coin or token. Anyone can create a cryptocurrency. Cryptocurrencies are intangible and exist only on the internet. Central banks and other governmental authorities do not insure or control cryptocurrencies. You cannot always exchange them for other fiat currencies (i.e., cur­rencies declared “legal tender” by governments), such as the U.S. or Canadian dollar or Mexican peso.

Cryptocurrencies trade on unregu­lated, opaque exchanges on which there may be little or no opportu­nity to independently verify their true market value. And given the newness and uniqueness of crypto-currencies and related instruments, they do not yet have a clear place in the existing framework of financial regulation.

Federal and state regulators are actively working to combat cryptocurrency-related frauds and to develop legislative or rule changes that will establish a more appropriate regulatory framework for cryptocurrencies. Investors should be aware that, at least for now, crypto-currencies and related instruments trade without the investor protections that regulation provides.

Common Schemes

Fraudsters exploit trends by creating schemes that capitalize on new or popular investment products. This is the case with cryptocurrencies and crypto investments. Here are a few crypto-related schemes:

Fake digital wallets: A digital wallet is used to store, send, and receive cryptocurrencies. Scammers design a fake digital wallet to lure users into providing their private key or code that enables the wallet to open. Once a scammer receives the private key, he or she can steal all the cryptocurrency from the owner’s digital wallet.

Pump-and-dumps: Groups of individuals coordinate to buy a thinly traded cryptocurrency, promote the cryptocurrency on social media to push up demand and the price, and then sell it in a coordinated sale. The price plummets and those unaware of the scheme are left with the devalued cryptocurrency.

Multi-level marketing platforms: Companies lure investors through the promise of high interest with low risk. These investors are then incentivized to recruit more members.

For example: A company creates a new token or coin and sells it to investors in exchange for a cryptocurrency with a higher perceived value, such as Bitcoin. The company claims to have some method, often portrayed as “secret” or “proprietary,” that pays investors unusually high daily “interest” on its coin. The company promises commissions to promoters who recruit new investors. The promoters rely heavily on social media platforms (including Reddit, YouTube, Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram) to hype the schemes and attract new investors, often using the promise of too-good-to-be-true investment returns (for example, 1 percent daily returns). Eventually the company stops paying “interest” and shuts down the program, keeping the invested cryptocurrency and leaving investors with worthless tokens or coins.

Fraudsters are willing and ready to exploit the hype around cryptocurrencies and related products for their own purposes. Cryptocurrencies and related products are not functional equivalents of traditional banking, securities, or insurance investment products. If you choose to invest in a cryptocurrency or related product, be prepared to lose the entire amount of your investment. You may go to FINRA’s BrokerCheck and Investment Adviser Public Disclosure (IAPD) to review adviser’s registration status.

Additional Resources

Get In the Know About ICOs video

Investment Schemes of Social Media 

Bank to the Future DeFi Defined

Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA)

Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC)

SEC/NASAA joint enforcement action on BlockFi
US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)

Statement on Cryptocurrencies and Initial Coin Offerings (12/11/17)

Crypto-Investment Products

Investors looking to get in on what some people consider a modern-day gold rush are finding new investment options opening up to them all the time. Many of these solicitations are marketed aggres­sively through social media. For example, there are initial coin offer­ings (ICOs) or initial token offerings (ITOs). When an issuer makes an ICO or ITO, it sells “coins” or “to­kens” in order to fund a proposed project. These coins or tokens are not the same as common stock or other securities.

While these offerings may sound like an initial public offering (IPO), they could not be more different. IPOs operate in a highly regulated environment. While securities or commodities regulations apply to ICOs and ITOs, many are unregis­tered and operate outside of these investor protection regulatory requirements.

Investors also are being pitched crypto-investment funds that pool investors’ assets in order to give them exposure to cryptocurrencies and ICOs or ITOs. Even some public companies are trying to cash in on the crypto craze by changing their business models and names to at­tract capital.

Common Concerns

Here are some common concerns investors should consider before investing in any offering containing cryptocurrency:

Volatility: Cryptocurrency markets are highly volatile, making them unsuitable for most investors looking to meet long-term savings or retirement goals.

No recourse: Cryptocurrency and many crypto-related invest­ments are subject to minimal regulatory oversight, and there may be no recourse should the cryptocurrency disappear due to a cybersecurity breach or hack.

Untraceable: Cryptocurrency or crypto-related investments only exist on the internet. Issuers can be located anywhere in the world, so it may be impossible to trace and recover lost funds through the courts.

Uninsured: Cryptocurrency accounts are not insured by U.S. or Canadian depository insurance.

Unregulated: Cryptocurrency investors rely upon unregulated exchanges that may lack appropriate internal controls, making them susceptible to fraud, theft, and hacking.

Hackable: Creating a digital wallet to store cryptocurrency involves installing software on an investor’s computer. As with any software download, hackers may include malicious code.

Vulnerable: Purchasers of cryptocurrencies rely on the strength of their own computer systems as well as systems provided by third parties to protect purchased cryptocurrencies from theft.