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Maternal Health Risks

To decrease the risk of pregnancy-related complications, attend health care visits before, during and after pregnancy. When seeing a provider, always tell them about any preexisting conditions. Your health care provider can share steps you can take to reduce your maternal health risks.

You should not take the information on this page for medical advice. Talk to your health care provider or visit a clinic near you if you have questions or concerns. Keep reading to learn about risk factors.

  • What is Diabetes?

    Diabetes is a disease that affects how your body turns food into energy. There are three main types of diabetes: type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes.

    With type 1 diabetes, the body doesn’t produce insulin. Insulin is a hormone that helps blood sugar get into the cells to be used for energy.

    With type 2 diabetes, the body produces insulin, but does not use it well.

    Gestational diabetes is a type of diabetes that develops during pregnancy. (Source: Division of Reproductive Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion)

    How can diabetes affect your pregnancy?

    For pregnant people with type 1 or type 2 diabetes, high blood sugar around the time of conception increases the risk of birth defects, stillbirth, and preterm birth. Among people with any type of diabetes, high blood sugar throughout pregnancy can also increase the risk of preeclampsia, cesarean delivery, and the baby being born too large. To manage your diabetes, see your health care provider as recommended, monitor your blood sugar levels, follow a good nutrition plan developed with your provider or dietician, be physically active, and take insulin, if directed. Managing diabetes can help you have a healthy pregnancy. If you have diabetes before pregnancy or develop it during pregnancy, it’s important to continue seeing your health care provider after pregnancy to monitor your blood sugar and overall health. (Content Source: Division of Reproductive Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion)

  • What is an embolism?

    An embolism is a blocked artery caused by a foreign body, such as a blood clot or an air bubble.

    How can embolisms affect your pregnancy?

    Deep Vein Thrombosis and Pulmonary Embolism (DVT/PE) are often underdiagnosed and serious, but preventable medical conditions.

    Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a medical condition that occurs when a blood clot forms in a deep vein. These clots usually develop in the lower leg, thigh, or pelvis, but they can also occur in the arm.

     

    It is important to know about DVT because it can happen to anybody and can cause serious illness, disability, and in some cases, death. The good news is that DVT is preventable and treatable if discovered early.

     

    While everyone is at risk for developing a blood clot (also called venous thromboembolism or VTE), pregnancy increases that risk fivefold.  Learn other interesting facts about blood clots. Recognizing the signs and symptoms of a blood clot is important to protect yourself and your baby during pregnancy and after delivery. Learn the warning signs to watch for during this exciting time. (Content Source: National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)

  • What is considered a heart condition?

    Heart conditions, such as coronary artery disease, heart attack, cardiomyopathy, and congenital heart defects, impact the heart and blood vessels.

    How can heart conditions affect your pregnancy?

    Not everyone has symptoms, but you may feel neck, jaw, chest, belly, or back pain if you have a heart condition. Many people with heart conditions have healthy, uneventful pregnancies, but pregnancy can put stress on the heart of people with some types of heart conditions.

    If you have a heart condition, it’s important to see your health care provider, ideally before pregnancy or as soon as possible after becoming pregnant.

    Read more about heart health and pregnancy

  • What is Hemorrhage and Postpartum Hemorrhage?

    Hemorrhage is a loss of blood from damaged blood vessels. A hemorrhage may be internal or external, and usually involves a lot of bleeding in a short time. (Content Source: National Institute of Health)

    Postpartum hemorrhage (also called PPH) is when a woman has heavy bleeding after giving birth. It’s a serious but rare condition. It usually happens within 1 day of giving birth, but it can happen up to 12 weeks after having a baby. Other signs of postpartum hemorrhage are dizziness, feeling faint and blurred vision. About 1 to 5 in 100 women who have a baby (1 to 5 percent) have PPH. If you think you’re having PPH, call your health care provider or 911 immediately. (Content Source: March of Dimes, 2023)

    How can PPH affect your pregnancy?

    Postpartum hemorrhage is a serious and potentially fatal condition. With PPH, you can lose large amounts of blood very quickly. It causes a sharp decline in blood pressure, which can restrict blood flow to your brain and other organs. This is called shock, and it can lead to death. Postpartum hemorrhage is a medical emergency and needs to be treated right away.

  • What is high blood pressure (Hypertension)?

    High blood pressure (also called hypertension) is a serious health condition that can increase risk during pregnancy. High blood pressure is when the force of your blood pushing against the walls of your blood vessels is consistently too high. High blood pressure can increase the likelihood you or your baby will have health issues. This includes having preeclampsia or eclampsia. Preeclampsia causes high blood pressure during pregnancy. Eclampsia is a life-threatening complication of preeclampsia. Eclampsia occurs when people with preeclampsia develop seizures or experience coma. Preeclampsia and eclampsia usually begin at or after 20 weeks of pregnancy and can cause damage to your kidneys, lungs, heart, eyes, or brain.

     

    Postpartum preeclampsia can occur between 48 hours and six weeks after you give birth. Symptoms usually include:

     

    • High blood pressure
    • Severe headache
    • Visual changes
    • Upper abdominal pain
    • Nausea or vomiting
    • Swelling in the legs, hands or face
    • Trouble breathing
    • Sudden weight gain

    How can high blood pressure affect your pregnancy?

    High blood pressure during pregnancy can increase your short- and long-term risk for high blood pressure, heart disease, and stroke later in life. High blood pressure during pregnancy is the most common risk factor for pregnancy-related stroke. Stroke can happen during pregnancy and the days and weeks after giving birth. More than one half of postpartum strokes will happen within 10 days after discharge following delivery.

     

    If you have severe high blood pressure during your delivery-hospitalization, your health care provider will schedule a follow up visit within three days after you are discharged from the hospital. It is important to attend this appointment and talk with your health care provider about your long-term health risks.

     

    Learn about the signs and symptoms of preeclampsia.

    Read about things you can do to help manager your blood pressure before, during and after pregnancy.

  • Infections can complicate pregnancy and may have serious consequences. (Pregnancy Complications | Maternal and Infant Health | CDC) This includes COVID-19, tuberculosis, HIV, viral hepatitis, sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), Zika virus, flu, and other kinds of infections. You won’t always know if you have an infection, and sometimes you might not even feel sick.

     

    To identify and treat infections, have regular visits with your health care provider during pregnancy and postpartum. Speak with your provider if you feel sick or think you might have been exposed to an infection. To learn more about different infections and how to protect your health, visit the following CDC pages (Pregnancy Complications | Maternal and Infant Health | CDC):

     

  • Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) is a public health concern that negatively impacts maternal and infant health.

    Abuse can include:

    • Physical abuse
    • Emotional and verbal abuse
    • Sexual abuse
    • Reproductive coercion (when a partner uses pressure, guilt, shame or force to control whether or not you get pregnant or have a baby)
    • Human trafficking
    • Financial abuse
    • Digital abuse (when a partner uses technology or the internet to stalk, harass, intimidate, bully or control you)

    Abuse of any kind is never okay, and abuse during your pregnancy can make your journey very hard and lonely.

     

    An abusive partner can cause emotional pain and/or physical pain. This can result in a miscarriage or vaginal bleeding. When you visit your health care provider for prenatal care, it might be a good time to talk about what is going on in your relationship.

     

    Learn more about violence against women, and find out where to get help.

  • What are depression and anxiety?

    You go through many physical and emotional changes during and after pregnancy. Emotional changes could include depression and anxiety, which are common mood disorders. Depression can make you feel sad and lose interest in activities you normally enjoy. Anxiety can make you feel excessively nervous, worried and scared. These conditions can happen during pregnancy. They can also happen anytime during the first year after your baby is born. If you experience depression during your pregnancy, you are at a greater risk of developing postpartum depression.

     

    Postpartum depression, such as intense feelings of sadness, anxiety, or despair, happens after your baby is born.

     

    It may cause you to:

     

    • Lose your appetite,
    • Become easily or intensely irritated, or
    • Have a hard time bonding with your baby.

    How can depression and anxiety affect you while you are pregnant or after you give birth?

    If you have depression or anxiety, you may have a difficult time bonding with your baby. This can affect how your baby develops. Depression during pregnancy can also cause you to give birth too early. It can interrupt your daily activities and make it hard to care for yourself and your baby. Early treatment is essential for good mental health. Talk to your health care provider if you feel any symptoms of depression or anxiety.

     

    There are many mental health resources available to you and it’s okay to ask for help.

  • Starting pregnancy at a healthy weight can help reduce the risk of preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, stillbirth, and cesarean delivery. Whatever your body size or shape, you can work with your healthcare provider to plan for a healthy pregnancy. Learn about pregnancy weight gain recommendations and steps to help you meet your pregnancy weight gain goal.

    Visit the national Pregnancy for Everybody campaign for more information about planning for a healthy pregnancy.

  • Using substances during pregnancy can cause serious health problems for you and your baby. Substances like:

    • Alcohol
    • Prescription medications
    • Street drugs
    • Or a combination of substances

    Using these substances can increase your risk of:

    • Severe hypertension
    • Problems with your placenta (the organ that connects your unborn baby to your uterus and gives your baby nutrients and oxygen)
    • Heavy blood loss or hemorrhage during pregnancy, labor or after delivery
    • Overdose or death

    Substance use may cause your baby to be born too early or have low birthweight. It may also cause your baby to have withdrawal symptoms after birth because of exposure to drugs while you are pregnant. Substance use during pregnancy can affect your baby’s development. It also  increases the chances for birth defects, stillbirth, and sudden infant death syndrome.

     

    There is no known “safe” level of alcohol intake for pregnant women. All types of alcohol are equally harmful when you drink while pregnant.

     

    Tobacco, e-cigarettes, and other products containing nicotine are not safe to use during your pregnancy. Quitting smoking is one of the most important ways you can protect your health and the health of your baby.

     

    If you are pregnant or planning to get pregnant – and using any substances including opioids, stimulants, alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, or other drugs – talk to your health care provider. Get more information to make the safest choices for you and your pregnancy.

     

    If you are in need of treatment for substance use treatment services in Michigan, visit: Get Help Now -Behavioral Health (michigan.gov)

     

    Read how substance use can affect you and your baby during pregnancy

Content adapted from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.